Using lithium ion battery as a pretreatment method, the graphene oxide can be activated to be an efficient catalyst to promoting the reaction of oxygen reduction, which is comparable to the nitrogen-doped graphene that has been treated at high temperature. Experimental investigation and the theoretical simulation tell that C-O-Li bonding is possibly the origin of the activity. 

 A Battery Process Activated Highly Efficient Carbon Catalyst towards Oxygen Reduction by Stabilizing Lithium-Oxygen Bonding. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 10.1002/adfm.202203960.